Description
Individual
Antisocial/delinquent beliefs* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Data not likely available except in local studies |
Developmental trauma exposure* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Psychological, physical, or sexual abuse | Family doctor, social services, school officials, psychological assessments, public health surveys |
Drug dealing Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Juvenile drug-dealing arrest rate | Local police department |
Early dating/sexual activity/fatherhood* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Adolescent pregnancies ages 12–14 | State or local health departments, National Vital Statistics Report |
| Adolescent pregnancies ages 15–19 | State or local health departments, National Vital Statistics Report |
| Births to mothers ages 13–19 | State or local health departments, National Vital Statistics Report |
| Sexual activity among high school students | CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveys |
| Sexually transmitted disease (STD) reports | Local health department |
Few social ties (involved in social activities, popularity) Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Juvenile/family court risk and treatment needs assessment | Juvenile/family court |
General delinquency involvement* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Juvenile arrest rate | Local police department |
| Juvenile/family court referral/adjudication rate | Local juvenile/family court |
High alcohol/drug use* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| AOD emergency room episodes | ER records/interviews |
| Child/adolescent use of alcohol and other drugs | Monitoring the Future Study, Volume 1, student surveys |
| Juvenile arrests for alcohol/drug use | Local police department |
| Juvenile arrests for alcohol-related offenses | Local police department |
| Juvenile arrests for driving under the influence | Local police department |
| Juvenile arrests for drug abuse violations | Local police department |
| Juvenile arrests for drug-related offenses | Local police department |
| Juvenile arrests for drunkenness | Local police department |
| Juvenile arrests for liquor law violations | Local police department |
| Juvenile/family court referrals for alcohol/drug use | Local juvenile/family court |
High drug dealing Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Multiple incidents of drug selling | Local police department arrest data, local juvenile/family court records, student surveys |
Illegal gun ownership/carrying Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Juvenile gun confiscations at school | School district records |
| Juvenile weapons/gun violation arrests | Local police department, FBI Crime in the United States report |
| Self-report of gun carrying | Student surveys, CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveys |
Lack of guilt and empathy* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Behavior profile | Interview with youth/parent reports |
Life stressors* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Being suspended or expelled from school | Local school district reports |
| Breaking up with a boyfriend/girlfriend | Self-report |
| Death of someone close | Self-report |
| Failing a course at school | Local school district reports |
| Having a big fight or problem with a friend | Self-report |
Low psychosocial maturity (low temperance, responsibility, and perspective)* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Low temperance, responsibility, and perspective | Psychological tests/interview with youth |
Makes excuses for delinquent behavior (neutralization)* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Personality characteristic | Student surveys and clinical assessments |
Mental health problems* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | School district reports |
| Bullying | Student surveys |
| Emotional disturbance | Elementary and secondary students: programs for the disabled |
| Juvenile arrest rate for curfew, vandalism, and disorderly conduct | Local police department |
| Juvenile detainees diagnosed with mental health treatment needs | Local juvenile/family court, detention center |
| Juvenile/family court referral/adjudication rate for curfew, vandalism, and disorderly conduct | Local juvenile/family court |
| Juvenile/family court treatment needs assessments | Local juvenile/family court |
| Social adjustment assessments of children referred to city/county social service agencies | Local agency data |
| Students served in programs classified as Behaviorally or Emotionally Handicapped (BEH) | School district records |
| Treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to juvenile/family courts | Local juvenile/family court |
| Truancy | School district records, Trends in the Well-Being of America’s Children and Youth |
No job or less than full-time employment in early adulthood (age 16+)* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Employment record | Court and youth service records, workforce data |
Physical violence/aggression* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Local police department | |
| Juvenile/family court referral/adjudication rate for violence | Local juvenile/family court |
Violence at age 13* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Arrests/court adjudications | Police and court records |
Violent victimization* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Forced to have sexual intercourse | CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveys |
| Hit, slapped, or physically hurt on purpose by their boyfriend or girlfriend (i.e., dating violence) | Student surveys and CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveys |
| Injured in a physical fight | Student surveys and CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveys |
| Juvenile violent victimization rate | Local student survey |
| Threatened or injured with a weapon (e.g., a gun, knife, or club) on school property | Student surveys and CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveys |
Family
Antisocial parents Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Adult arrests for various crimes | Local police/sheriff’s department |
| Family assessments of children referred to juvenile/family courts and city/county social service agencies | Local agency data |
Broken home/changes in caretaker* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Change of custody orders | Local juvenile/family court, local child welfare agency |
| Children in neighborhoods with a high rate of female-headed families | Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from 2010 census-by-census tract |
| Children with one or more parents in jail/prison | Data may not be available |
| Divorce rate | County clerk or recorder, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Divorce rate for parents with children under age 18 | Data may not be available |
| Number of latchkey children among referrals to child welfare agency | Local department of social services |
| Placements in foster care facilities | Local department of social services |
| Proportion of children in nonintact families referred to juvenile/family courts and city/county social service agencies | Local agency data |
Delinquent siblings* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Risk and treatment needs assessments of children and families referred to juvenile/family courts and city/county social service agencies | Local agencies, student survey |
Family history of problem behavior/criminal involvement Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Adult criminal arrest rate | Local police/sheriff’s department |
| Adults in drug treatment programs | Medicaid claims for alcohol and substance use, state alcohol and other drug treatment agencies, local treatment programs, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Babies born with fetal alcohol syndrome | Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, CDC |
| Educational attainment | U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Low adult literacy | National Adult Literacy Survey |
| Parental assessments of children referred to juvenile/family courts | Local agency data and city/county social service agencies |
| Parental assessments of children referred to juvenile/family courts and city/county social service agencies | Local agency data |
| Pregnant mothers using alcohol | Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, CDC |
Family poverty/low family socioeconomic status* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Families eligible for Free and Reduced Lunch Program | State welfare agency |
| Families on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families | State welfare agency |
| Families/persons/children living below poverty level | U.S. Bureau of the Census |
| Food Stamp Program recipients | State welfare agency |
| Median family income | U.S. Bureau of the Census |
| Unemployment rate | U.S. Bureau of the Census |
Family violence (child maltreatment, partner violence, conflict) Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| 911 calls for domestic violence | Local police/sheriff’s department |
| Child abuse and neglect rate | Child Protective Services, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Domestic violence arrests | Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics |
| Murders of intimate others | Local police/sheriff’s department |
| Protective Orders written | Child Protective Services |
| Requests for social service intervention, city/county social service agencies | Local agency data |
| Treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to juvenile/family courts | Local juvenile/family court |
| Unpaid child support | U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
Father’s gang membership (for males only, but only with frequent contacts and maltreatment)* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Self-report/police and court records | Interview of adolescent or father |
Having a teenage mother Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Births to mothers ages 13 to 19 | State or local health departments |
High parental stress/maternal depression Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Ability to handle problems | Family surveys |
| Risk and treatment needs assessments of children and families referred to juvenile/family courts and city/county social service agencies | Local agencies |
Lack of orderly and structured activities within the family Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Degree to which the activities and relationships in the family are performed in an orderly, structured, and rule-governed way | Local juvenile/family court family needs assessment, student survey |
Lived/living with a gang member* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Self-admission | Youth interviews |
Low parental attachment to child/adolescent* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Risk and treatment needs assessments of children referred to juvenile/family courts and city/county social service agencies | Local agency data |
Low parental education* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Education level of parents | School district reports |
| Families eligible for Free and Reduced Lunch Program | State welfare agency |
Mother’s gang membership (for females only)* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Self-report/police and court records | Interview of adolescent or mother |
Moved to a new neighborhood* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Self-admission | Youth interviews |
Parental use of physical punishment/harsh and/or erratic discipline practices Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Child abuse and neglect rate | Child Protective Services |
| Education level of parents | School district reports |
| Families eligible for Free and Reduced Lunch Program | State welfare agency |
| Families on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families | State welfare agency |
| Food Stamp Program recipients | State welfare agency |
| Reports to CPS of harsh physical punishment | Child Protective Services |
| Treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to social services | Local social service agency |
Poor parental supervision (control, monitoring, and child management)* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Arrests for runaway by age 16 | Local police department |
| Child abuse and neglect rate | Child Protective Services, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Children living outside the family/placements in foster care facilities | Local department of social services, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Number of latchkey children among referrals to child welfare agency | Local department of social services |
| Parental involvement in child’s school | U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Placements in foster care facilities | Local department of social services |
| Treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to juvenile/family courts | Local juvenile/family court |
Poor parent-child relations or communication Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Family assessments of children referred to juvenile/family courts and city/county social service agencies | Local agency data |
School
Bullying Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Child exhibited cruelty, intimidating, or meanness toward peers | Student and teacher surveys |
Frequent school transitions Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| New students and transfers | Local school district records |
Low academic aspirations* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Data not likely available except in local studies |
Low math achievement test scores (males)* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Math proficiency by grade | School district reports |
Low parent college expectations for child* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Data not likely available except in local studies |
Low school attachment/bonding/motivation/commitment to school* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Excessive suspensions and expulsions | School district reports |
| Excessive zero tolerance punishments | School district reports |
| Number of days absent from school | School district reports |
| Reports of corporal punishment in schools | School district reports |
| Unreasonable zero tolerance rules | School conduct rules/policies |
Non-normative school transitions (i.e., changes due to residential moves or mid-year transfers)* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| School transfers/behind age-appropriate grade level | School records |
Poor school attitude/performance; academic failure* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Dropout rates | Local school district |
| End-of-year testing/competency exams by grade | School district reports |
| Graduation rates | Local school district |
| Math proficiency by grade | School district reports |
| Performance composite of public schools | School district reports |
| Reading proficiency by grade | School district reports |
| Risk and treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to juvenile/family courts | Local juvenile/family court |
Poorly organized and functioning schools/inadequate school climate/negative labeling by teachers* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Enrollments in special education | School district reports |
| Excessive suspensions and expulsions | School district reports |
| Excessive zero tolerance punishments | School conduct rules/policies |
| Graduation rates | Local school district |
| High dropout rate | Local school district reports; Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from 2010 census-by-census tract |
| Large classes (larger than 25 students in elementary school; larger than 36 students in middle school) | School district reports |
| Mental health referrals for various problems | Local mental health center records |
| Physical decay of schools | School district reports |
| Poorly defined rules and expectations for appropriate conduct | School code of conduct rules/policies |
| Reports of corporal punishment in schools | School district reports |
| School disciplinary actions/referrals | School district records |
| Teacher attitudes/job satisfaction | School district reports |
| Teacher exposure to abuse by students | School district reports, Monitoring the Future Study |
| Underfunded schools | School district office, state education departments |
| Unreasonable zero tolerance rules | Interviews |
Unsafe schools* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Disruptive/dangerous school environment (e.g., suspensions and expulsions for fighting) | School district reports |
| Violence/crime in schools | School district reports, YRBS (seven violence-related behaviors) |
Community
Availability and use of drugs in the neighborhood* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Adolescent/student drug use levels | Local studies and YRBS survey |
| Adolescent/student surveys of drug use | Local studies and YRBS survey |
| Juvenile/adult arrests for drug abuse violations | Local police department |
| Perceived availability of drugs | Monitoring the Future Study, Volume 1 |
| Total alcoholic beverage sales by location | Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Trends in exposure to drug use | Monitoring the Future Study, Volume 1 |
Availability of firearms* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Adult arrests for weapons law violations | Local police/sheriff’s department/ATF |
| Firearms in homes of adults | State Licensing Board and reports from local firearm dealers |
| Illegal gun confiscations | Local police/sheriff’s department/ATF |
| Juvenile arrests for weapons law violations | Local police/sheriff’s department |
Community disorganization* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Nonenforcement of building violations/condemned buildings | Local Housing and Urban Development office |
| Poor external housing conditions | Local Housing and Urban Development office |
| Prevalence of homeless families/individuals | National Coalition for the Homeless |
Economic deprivation/poverty/residence in a disadvantaged neighborhood* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Children in working-poor families | Kids Count Data Book |
| Families eligible for Free and Reduced Lunch Program | State welfare agency, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Families on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families | State welfare agency, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Families/persons/children living below poverty level | U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Female family householder with no spouse present | U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Food Stamp Program recipients | State welfare agency, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Individuals/children without health insurance | U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Median family income | U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Unemployment rate | U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
Exposure to violence and racial prejudice Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Adolescent abuse and neglect rate (ages 12–16) | Child Protective Services |
| Adult and juvenile violent crime arrest rates | Local police department |
| Disproportionate minority representation in juvenile justice system | Local police department, juvenile/family court, and corrections |
| Domestic violence arrests and convictions | Local police department and criminal court |
| Hate crimes | Local police department |
| Treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to juvenile/family courts | Local juvenile/family court |
Feeling unsafe in the neighborhood* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Adult violent crime | Local police/sheriff’s department, adult criminal court |
| Did not go to school because of safety concerns | Student surveys, CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveys |
| Juvenile violent crime | Law enforcement agencies and juvenile/family court, CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveys |
| Presence of documented gangs | Local police/sheriff’s department, National Youth Gang Survey |
| Threatened or injured with a weapon (e.g., gun, knife, or club) on school property | Student surveys and CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveys |
High drug dealing Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Multiple incidents of drug selling | Local police department arrest data, local juvenile/family court records, student surveys |
High-crime neighborhood* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Absence of Neighborhood Watch organizations | Local police/sheriff’s departments |
| Adult arrest/conviction rate for alcohol-related charges | Local law enforcement agencies, Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics |
| Adult arrest/conviction rate for drug-related charges | Local law enforcement agencies, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Adult arrest/conviction rate for DUI | Local law enforcement agencies, Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics |
| Adult arrest/conviction rate for property crimes | Local law enforcement agencies, Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics |
| Adult arrest/conviction rate for violent crimes | Local law enforcement agencies and criminal court |
| Adult arrest/conviction rate for weapons-related charges | Local law enforcement agencies and criminal court |
| Alcohol-related traffic fatalities | Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics |
| Juvenile arrest/adjudication rate | Law enforcement agencies and juvenile/family court |
| Murder rate | FBI, Crime in the United States |
| Presence of youth/street gangs | Local police/sheriff’s department, National Youth Gang Survey |
| Public drunkenness | Local police/sheriff’s department |
Low neighborhood attachment* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Net migration rate | U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services/U.S. Bureau of the Census |
| Prevalence of homeless families/individuals | National Coalition for the Homeless, homeless shelters |
Neighborhood physical disorder Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Graffiti/vandalism | Local police/sheriff’s department, systematic observations |
| Nonenforcement of building code violations/condemned buildings | City/county government agency |
| Poor external housing conditions | Local Housing and Urban Development office, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Presence of graffiti/beer or liquor cans or bottles/cigarette butts/litter or broken glass/abandoned cars | Systematic observations |
Neighborhood youth in trouble* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Juvenile detention rate | Juvenile/family court/detention center |
| School suspensions and expulsions for fighting | School district reports |
Peer
Association with antisocial/aggressive/delinquent peers; high peer delinquency* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Risk and treatment needs assessments of children referred to juvenile/family courts | Local agency data |
Association with gang-involved peers/relatives* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Friends and/or relatives are gang members | Student surveys, local juvenile/family court |
Gang membership Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Documented gang members | Local law enforcement, courts, probation |
| Undocumented gang members | Self-reporting in local studies |
Date Created: December 16, 2020