Description
Individual
Antisocial/delinquent beliefs* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Data not likely available except in local studies |
Belief in physical aggression to resolve disagreements and violent tendencies* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Individual personality traits | Psychological assessments |
Early and persistent noncompliant behavior Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| School disciplinary actions/referrals | School district records |
| Social adjustment assessments of children referred to city/county social service agencies | Local agency data |
| Students served in programs classified as Behaviorally Emotionally Handicapped (BEH) | School district reports |
Early onset of aggression/violence* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Child (prior to age 13) arrests for violent crimes | Local police/sheriff’s department, Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, local police department |
| Child (prior to age 13) court referrals for person offenses | Local juvenile/family court records |
| School disciplinary actions/referrals | School district records |
| School disciplinary actions/referrals and mental health referrals for aggression | School and mental health center records |
| Social adjustment assessments of children referred to city/county social service agencies | Local agency data |
| Students served in programs classified as Behaviorally or Emotionally Handicapped (BEH) | School district records |
Fearless* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Behavior profile | Interview with youth/parent reports |
Few social ties (involved in social activities, popularity) Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Social adjustment assessments of children referred to city/county juvenile/family courts and city/county social service agencies | Local agency data |
| Social adjustment assessments of children referred to juvenile/family courts | Treatment needs assessment |
General delinquency involvement* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Child (prior to age 13) arrest rate | Local police department |
| Child (prior to age 13) delinquency court referral/adjudication rate | Local juvenile/family court records |
| School disciplinary actions/referrals | School district records |
High alcohol/drug use* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Child arrests for drug abuse violations | Local police department |
| Child arrests for liquor law violations | Local police department |
| Child use of alcohol and other drugs | Monitoring the Future Study, Volume 1, student surveys |
| Risk and treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to juvenile/family courts | Local juvenile/family court |
Hyperactivity/impulsivity* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Individual personality traits | Psychological assessments |
| Students served in programs classified as Behaviorally Emotionally Handicapped (BEH) | School district reports |
Lack of guilt and empathy* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Behavior profile | Interview with youth/parent reports |
Low intelligence quotient Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Standardized intelligence test scores | School district records |
Low perceived likelihood of being caught Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Self-admission | Student surveys |
Medical/physical condition Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Problems among children referred to city/county social service agencies | Local agency data |
| Problems among children referred to juvenile/family courts | Treatment needs assessment and local social services agency data |
Mental health problems* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Juvenile arrest rate for running away/curfew/vandalism/disorderly conduct | Local police/sheriff’s department |
| Juvenile/family court referrals of children (prior to age 13) for running away/curfew/vandalism/disorderly conduct | Local juvenile/family court records |
| Low intelligence quotient | School district tests |
| Mental health referrals for various problems | Local mental health center records |
| Risk and treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to juvenile/family courts | Local juvenile/family court |
| School disciplinary actions/referrals | School district records |
| Social adjustment assessments of children referred to city/county social service agencies | Local agency data |
| Students served in programs classified as Behaviorally or Emotionally Handicapped (BEH) | School district records |
| Truancy | School district records, Trends in the Well-Being of America’s Children and Youth |
Perceived racial discrimination* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Individual personality traits | Psychological assessments |
Physical violence/aggression* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Child (prior to age 13) court referrals for person offenses | Local juvenile/family court records |
| School disciplinary actions/referrals and mental health referrals for aggression | School and mental health center records |
Poor refusal skills* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Data not likely available except in local studies |
Victimization and exposure to violence* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Child abuse and neglect rate | Child Protective Services |
| Child abuse rate | Child Protective Services |
| Domestic violence arrests and convictions | Local police department and criminal court |
| Treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to juvenile/family courts | Local juvenile/family court |
Family
A lack of health insurance* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Insufficient coverage for needed services | Social Services/Department of Health and Human Services |
Abusive parents Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Child abuse and neglect rate | Child Protective Services |
Antisocial parents Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Adult arrest rate | Local police department |
| Treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to juvenile/family courts | Local juvenile/family court |
Broken home/changes in caretaker* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Children in neighborhoods with a high rate of female-headed families | Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from 2010 census-by-census tract |
| Children with one or more parents in jail/prison | Data may not be available |
| Divorce rate for parents with children under age 18 | Data may not be available |
| Proportion of children in nonintact families referred to juvenile/family courts and city/county social service agencies | Local agency data |
Family poverty/low family socioeconomic status* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Families eligible for Free and Reduced Lunch Program | State welfare agency |
| Families on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families | State welfare agency |
| Families/persons/children living below poverty level | U.S. Bureau of the Census |
| Food Stamp Program recipients | State welfare agency |
| Median family income | U.S. Bureau of the Census |
| Unemployment rate | U.S. Bureau of the Census |
Family violence (child maltreatment, partner violence, conflict) Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| 911 calls for domestic violence | Local police/sheriff’s department |
| Child abuse and neglect rate | Child Protective Services, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Intimate murders | Local police/sheriff’s department |
| Protective Orders written | Child Protective Services |
Foster care placement* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Broken home | Child welfare/social service agency |
Growing up in foster care* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Broken home, foster care placement | Child welfare/social service agency |
High parental stress/maternal depression Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to juvenile/family courts | Local juvenile/family court |
Jailing or imprisonment of a household member* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Confinement record | Juvenile and Criminal Court records |
Lived/living with a gang member* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Self-admission | Youth survey |
Low parental education* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Level completed | Juvenile and Criminal Court records, census data |
Parent proviolent attitudes* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Data not likely available except in local studies |
Parental use of physical punishment/harsh and/or erratic discipline practices Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Child abuse and neglect rate | Child Protective Services |
| Treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to social services | Local social service agency |
Per capita family income* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Income | Child welfare/social service agency; juvenile court, census data |
Poor parental supervision (control, monitoring, and child management)* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Arrests for runaway by age 12 | Local police department |
| Child abuse and neglect rate | Child Protective Services, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Children living outside the family/placements in foster care facilities | Local department of social services, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Number of latchkey children among referrals to child welfare agency | Local department of social services |
| Treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to juvenile/family courts | Local juvenile/family court |
Poor parent-child relations or communication Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Social adjustment assessments of children referred to city/county social service agencies | Local agency data |
| Social adjustment assessments of children referred to juvenile/family courts | Treatment needs assessment |
| Treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to juvenile/family courts | Local juvenile/family court |
Sibling antisocial behavior* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Social adjustment assessments of children referred to city/county social service agencies | Local agency data |
| Social adjustment assessments of children referred to juvenile/family courts | Treatment needs assessment |
Single parent household* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Absent spouse | Juvenile and Criminal Court records, census data |
School
Bullying Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Child exhibited cruelty, intimidating, or meanness toward peers | Teacher ratings, student surveys |
Chronic absenteeism Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Local school district reports |
Frequent school transitions Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| New students and transfers | Local school district records |
Frequent truancy/absences/suspensions; expelled from school; dropping out of school* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Chronic absenteeism | Trends in the Well-Being of America’s Children and Youth |
| Event dropout rate (the proportion of all students enrolled in school at the beginning of a 12-month period who leave school by the end of that 12-month period without graduating) | U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| School dropout rate | Local school district reports; Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from 2010 census-by-census tract |
| Status dropout rate (proportion of the population 16 to 24 years of age who are not enrolled in high school and have not graduated) | U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Suspension rate | Local school district reports |
| Truancy rate | Local school district reports, Trends in the Well-Being of America’s Children and Youth |
Identified as learning disabled* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Enrollments in special education/exceptional student programs | School district reports |
Low academic aspirations* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Data not likely available except in local studies |
Low achievement in school* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| End-of-year testing/competency exams by grade | School district reports |
| Math proficiency by grade | School district reports, Digest of Education Statistics |
| Performance composite of public schools | School district reports |
| Reading proficiency by grade | School district reports, Digest of Education Statistics |
| Risk and treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to juvenile/family courts | Local juvenile/family court |
| Science proficiency by grade | School district reports, Digest of Education Statistics |
Low school attachment/bonding/motivation/commitment to school* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Completion of four years of high school | Digest of Education Statistics |
| Excessive suspensions and expulsions | School district reports |
| Excessive zero tolerance punishments | School district reports |
| High absenteeism | School district ADA reports |
| Number of GED diplomas | Digest of Education Statistics |
| Unreasonable zero tolerance rules | School conduct rules/policies |
Old for grade/repeated a grade Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Correspondence of student ages to grade level | School district reports |
Performance on standardized math assessments in the 6th and 10th grades* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Test scores | School records |
Poor student-teacher relations Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Student assaults on teachers | Local school district reports, Monitoring the Future Study |
Poorly defined rules and expectations for appropriate conduct Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Lack of clarity in student code of conduct | No reports likely; student surveys may be necessary |
Poorly organized and functioning schools/inadequate school climate/negative labeling by teachers* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Excessive suspensions and expulsions | School district reports |
| Excessive zero tolerance punishments | School conduct rules/policies |
| Graduation rates | Local school district |
| High dropout rate | Local school district reports; Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from 2010 census-by-census tract |
| Large classes (larger than 25 students in elementary school; larger than 36 students in middle school) | School district reports |
| Physical decay of schools | School district reports |
| Reports of corporal punishment in schools | School district reports |
| Teacher attitudes/job satisfaction | School district reports |
| Teacher exposure to abuse by students | School district reports, Monitoring the Future Study |
| Underfunded schools | School district office, state education departments |
School attendance* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Attendance | School records |
Student failure in the first grade Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| End-of-year testing/competency exams by grade | School district reports |
Trouble at school* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Fights, suspensions, expulsions | School records/teachers/counselors |
Community
Availability of firearms* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Adult arrests for weapons law violations | Local police/sheriff’s department |
| Firearms in homes of adults | State Licensing Board and reports from local firearm dealers |
| Illegal gun confiscations | Local police/sheriff’s department |
| Juvenile arrests for weapons law violations | Local police/sheriff’s department |
Economic deprivation/poverty/residence in a disadvantaged neighborhood* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Families eligible for Free and Reduced Lunch Program | State welfare agency, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Families on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families | State welfare agency, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Families/persons/children living below poverty level | U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Food Stamp Program recipients | State welfare agency, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Median family income | U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Unemployment rate | U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
Exposure to firearm violence Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Adult arrests for weapons law violations | Local police/sheriff’s department, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives |
| Firearm sales | Statistical Abstract of the U.S. |
| Firearms in homes of adults | State Licensing Board and local firearm dealer reports, Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics |
| Gun licenses/permits issued | Local police/sheriff’s department |
| Illegal gun confiscations | Local police/sheriff’s department, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives |
| Juvenile arrests for weapons law violations | Local police/sheriff’s department |
Feeling unsafe in the neighborhood* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Juvenile/adult violent crime arrests | Local police/sheriff’s department |
| Presence of documented gangs | Local police/sheriff’s department |
| Self-admission | Youth survey, YRBS survey |
| Self-admission | Interview with youth |
Low neighborhood attachment* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Net migration rate | U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services/U.S. Bureau of the Census |
| Prevalence of homeless families/individuals | National Coalition for the Homeless, homeless shelters |
| Rental residential properties as proportion of all housing | U.S. Bureau of the Census/Real Estate Board |
Moved to a new neighborhood* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Self-admission | Interview with youth/parent reports |
Neighborhood antisocial environment* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Juvenile/adult violent crime arrests | Local police/sheriff’s department |
| Presence of documented gangs | Local police/sheriff’s department |
Neighborhood youth in trouble* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Children in neighborhoods with a high rate of school dropout | Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from 2010 census-by-census tract |
| Juvenile arrest rate | Local police department |
| Juvenile/family court referral/adjudication rate | Local juvenile/family court |
| School suspensions, expulsions, dropouts | Local school district reports |
Peer
Association with antisocial/aggressive/delinquent peers; high peer delinquency* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Documentation of friends/associates | Risk and treatment needs assessments of children referred to local juvenile/family courts; local studies and YRBS survey |
| Risk and treatment needs assessments of adolescents referred to juvenile/family courts | Local juvenile/family court |
Association with gang-involved peers/relatives* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Documentation of gang membership or association | Risk and treatment needs assessments of children referred to local juvenile/family courts, detention centers, correctional facilities |
| Perceived peer gang involvement/activity | Student and School Resource Officer surveys |
| Presence of documented gangs | Local police/sheriff’s department, National Youth Gang Survey |
Leading peers in antisocial behavior and committing crimes for peer status or revenge* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Picking/encouraging fights | School records/teachers/counselors |
Peer alcohol/drug use Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use rate | Student survey, YRBS survey |
| Child (under age 13) arrests for alcohol-related offenses | Local police department |
| Child (under age 13) arrests for drug-related offenses | Local police department |
Peer rejection* Associated Programs
| Indicators | Data Sources |
|---|---|
| Data not likely available except in local studies | |
| Self-admission of peer rejection | Local student surveys |
Date Created: December 16, 2020